Artaserse is an opera (dramma per musica) in three acts composed by Leonardo Vinci to an Italian libretto by Pietro Metastasio. This was the first of many musical settings of Metastasio's libretto Artaserse. Vinci and Metastasio collaborated closely for the world premiere of the opera in Rome. This was the last opera Vinci composed before his death and is considered his masterpiece. It is renowned among Baroque opera enthusiasts for its florid vocal lines and demanding tessituras. The opera premiered during the carnival season on 4 February 1730 at the Teatro delle Dame in Rome. As women were banned from the opera stage in Rome during the 18th century, all the female roles in the original production were performed by castrati. However, subsequent 18th-century productions outside Rome included women in the cast.

Artaserse remained popular for a time after Vinci's death but eventually faded into obscurity. The first modern revival was staged at the Opéra national de Lorraine in Nancy on 2 November 2012. The production featured Philippe Jaroussky as Artaserse, Max Emanuel Cenčić as Mandane, Juan Sancho as Artabano, Franco Fagioli as Arbace, Valer Barna-Sabadus as Semira, and Yuriy Mynenko as Megabise. In tribute to the single-sex casting at the original premiere, this revival was staged with an all-male cast, including countertenors performing the female roles in the opera.